What is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus bacterium responsible for the sexually transmitted infection (STI) known as
gonorrhea. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract but can also infect the rectum, throat, and eyes.
How is Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted?
This bacterium is primarily spread through
sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby during childbirth, potentially leading to severe complications such as
neonatal conjunctivitis.
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
Many individuals infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae may be
asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they can vary based on the site of infection. Common symptoms include:
Burning sensation during urination
Increased discharge from the penis or vagina
Painful or swollen testicles (in men)
Vaginal bleeding between periods (in women)
Rectal infections may cause discharge, anal itching, soreness, bleeding, or painful bowel movements
Throat infections may cause a sore throat
How is gonorrhea diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves
laboratory tests such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), which are highly sensitive and specific. Samples can be taken from the infected area, including urine, urethral, vaginal, or rectal swabs.
What treatments are available for gonorrhea?
Gonorrhea is usually treated with
antibiotics. The current CDC-recommended treatment includes a dual therapy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin to address potential co-infections and antibiotic resistance. However, the rise of
antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a growing concern.
What are the complications of untreated gonorrhea?
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to serious health problems, including: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can cause chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility
Epididymitis in men, which can also lead to infertility
Increased risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), which can cause arthritis, tenosynovitis, and dermatitis
How can gonorrhea be prevented?
Preventive measures include: Using
condoms correctly and consistently during sexual activity
Having regular STI screenings, especially if sexually active with multiple partners
Mutual monogamy with a partner who has tested negative for STIs
Abstaining from sexual activity
What is the public health impact of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae poses significant public health challenges due to its high prevalence and the increasing incidence of
antibiotic resistance. Effective management involves coordinated efforts in surveillance, education, and the development of new treatment options.