What is Mumps?
Mumps is an acute viral illness caused by the mumps virus, a member of the
Paramyxoviridae family. It is characterized primarily by swelling of the parotid glands, which are one of the major salivary glands. Although mumps is often a mild disease, it can lead to serious complications in some cases.
How is Mumps Transmitted?
Mumps spreads through direct contact with respiratory secretions or saliva of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted by sneezing, coughing, or even talking. Sharing utensils or touching surfaces contaminated with the
virus can also facilitate transmission. The infectious period usually starts a few days before the onset of symptoms and lasts until about nine days after the swelling begins.
What are the Symptoms of Mumps?
Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after infection but can range from 12-25 days. The most common symptom is the swelling of the salivary glands, known as parotitis, which leads to puffy cheeks and a tender, swollen jaw. Other symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite. However, some individuals may be
asymptomatic.
Who is at Risk for Mumps?
Mumps primarily affects children, but adults can contract the virus as well. Those who are unvaccinated or have not completed the full course of the
MMR vaccine are at higher risk. Outbreaks can occur in settings where people are in close contact, such as schools or colleges.
What are the Complications of Mumps?
While mumps is generally mild, it can lead to complications, particularly in adults. These include
orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries), mastitis, pancreatitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. Hearing loss, although rare, can also occur as a result of mumps infection.
How is Mumps Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical symptoms and a history of exposure. Laboratory confirmation can be achieved through the detection of the virus in saliva or serum or by identifying
mumps IgM antibodies in the blood. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is also used for virus detection.
What is the Treatment for Mumps?
There is no specific antiviral treatment for mumps. Management focuses on relieving symptoms. Recommended measures include rest, hydration, and the use of over-the-counter pain relievers such as
ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Applying ice packs to swollen glands can also help alleviate discomfort.
How Can Mumps Be Prevented?
The most effective way to prevent mumps is through vaccination. The MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, is usually administered in two doses. The first dose is given at 12-15 months of age, and the second dose at 4-6 years of age. High vaccination coverage is crucial to prevent outbreaks and maintain
herd immunity.
What is the Outlook for Mumps?
With widespread vaccination, the incidence of mumps has significantly decreased. However, cases and outbreaks still occur, particularly in communities with low vaccination rates. Continued vigilance and vaccination efforts are essential to control and eventually eliminate mumps as a public health issue.
