What is Mumps Orchitis?
Mumps orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles that occurs as a complication of the viral infection
mumps. Mumps is a contagious disease caused by the mumps virus, part of the
paramyxoviridae family. Although mumps primarily affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, it can also affect other organs, leading to complications such as orchitis, meningitis, and oophoritis.
How is Mumps Transmitted?
The mumps virus is spread through respiratory secretions, such as saliva, or direct contact with an infected person's respiratory droplets. It can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth or nose. The virus is most contagious a few days before and after the onset of symptoms.
What are the Symptoms of Mumps Orchitis?
Mumps orchitis typically occurs in post-pubertal males. Symptoms usually appear 4-8 days after the onset of parotitis. Common symptoms include: Swelling and pain in one or both testicles
Fever
Headache
Nausea
Fatigue
What are the Complications Associated with Mumps Orchitis?
While mumps orchitis is rarely life-threatening, it can lead to several complications such as: Infertility: In rare cases, bilateral orchitis may lead to reduced fertility, although complete sterility is uncommon.
Testicular Atrophy: The affected testicle(s) may shrink over time.
Chronic Pain: Persistent pain in the testicles can occur even after the acute phase has resolved.
How is Mumps Orchitis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of mumps orchitis typically involves clinical evaluation based on symptoms and history of exposure to mumps. Laboratory tests such as serum
IgM antibody against the mumps virus can confirm mumps infection. In some cases, an
ultrasound may be used to assess testicular swelling and rule out other conditions like testicular torsion or tumors.
What is the Treatment for Mumps Orchitis?
There is no specific antiviral treatment for mumps orchitis. Management is primarily supportive and includes: Analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications to relieve pain and swelling.
Bed rest and scrotal support to alleviate discomfort.
Application of ice packs to reduce swelling.
In cases of severe pain or complications, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous pain management and supportive care.
How can Mumps and Mumps Orchitis be Prevented?
The most effective way to prevent mumps and its complications is through vaccination. The
MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella) is highly effective in preventing mumps infection. It is typically administered in two doses during childhood. Ensuring high vaccination coverage in the community can significantly reduce the incidence of mumps and, consequently, mumps orchitis.
Who is at Risk for Mumps Orchitis?
Mumps orchitis mostly affects post-pubertal males who contract mumps. Individuals who are unvaccinated or have not completed the full vaccination schedule are at higher risk. Additionally, those living in close quarters, such as dormitories or military barracks, may have increased exposure to the virus.
Conclusion
Mumps orchitis is a significant complication of mumps infection, particularly affecting post-pubertal males. While generally not life-threatening, it can lead to discomfort and potential long-term consequences like infertility. Prevention through vaccination remains the most effective strategy to combat mumps and its associated complications. Public health efforts should focus on maintaining high vaccination rates to curb the spread of this preventable disease.
