What is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) that affects the liver. It can lead to both acute and chronic liver disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal fluids.
How is Hepatitis B Transmitted?
The primary modes of
transmission include perinatal transmission (from mother to baby at birth), horizontal transmission (exposure to infected blood through cuts or wounds), and sexual transmission. It can also be spread through the use of contaminated needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment.
What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis B?
Many people with
acute infection do not have symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Chronic infection may be asymptomatic for many years but can eventually lead to serious liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
Who is at Risk?
Individuals at high risk include infants born to infected mothers, people who inject drugs, people with multiple sexual partners, healthcare workers who are exposed to blood, and individuals from regions with high HBV prevalence. Vaccination is crucial for those at risk.
How is Hepatitis B Diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves blood tests that detect the presence of
HBV antigens and antibodies. The most common tests include the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test, which indicates current infection, and the Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) test, which indicates immunity from past infection or vaccination.
What are the Treatment Options?
Acute hepatitis B usually doesn't require specific treatment and can resolve on its own. However, chronic hepatitis B may require antiviral medications such as
tenofovir or
entecavir to reduce viral load and prevent liver damage. Regular monitoring and liver function tests are essential for managing chronic HBV infection.
How Can Hepatitis B be Prevented?
The most effective way to prevent hepatitis B is through vaccination. The
Hepatitis B vaccine is typically given in a series of three to four shots over six months. It is recommended for all infants, unvaccinated adults at risk, and healthcare workers. Other preventive measures include safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles, and standard precautions in healthcare settings to avoid exposure to infected blood.
What is the Global Impact of Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a major global health problem, with an estimated 296 million people living with chronic HBV infection worldwide. It causes around 820,000 deaths annually, primarily from
cirrhosis and liver cancer. Efforts to increase vaccination coverage and improve access to antiviral treatments are critical in reducing the global burden of this disease.
Why is Awareness Important?
Raising awareness about hepatitis B is essential for early diagnosis, effective management, and prevention. Public health campaigns and education can help reduce stigma, encourage testing, and promote vaccination. Understanding the risks and transmission routes can empower individuals to take proactive measures to protect themselves and others.
