Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a gram-positive bacterium that is part of the
Staphylococcus genus. While less notorious than its cousin
Staphylococcus aureus, it plays a significant role in infectious diseases, particularly in urinary tract infections (UTIs).
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) and is considered part of the normal flora of the
urinary tract and perineal skin. Unlike S. aureus, it is generally less aggressive but can cause infections, especially in specific populations.
Where is it commonly found?
This bacterium is commonly found in the environment, particularly in the
genitourinary tract of humans and animals. It can also be present on the skin and in the
gastrointestinal tract. Its presence is usually benign unless it enters sterile areas of the body.
How does it cause infection?
Infections occur when S. saprophyticus migrates from the perineum to the urethra, often through sexual activity. Once in the urethra, it can ascend to the bladder, causing a UTI. This is especially prevalent in sexually active young women, leading to its nickname, the "honeymoon cystitis" bacterium.What are the symptoms of infection?
The symptoms of a
urinary tract infection caused by S. saprophyticus are similar to those caused by other pathogens. These include:
Dysuria (painful urination)
Increased frequency of urination
Urgency to urinate
Lower abdominal pain
Cloudy or bloody urine
Who is at risk?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is most commonly associated with UTIs in young, sexually active women. However, it can also affect elderly patients and immunocompromised individuals. The risk factors include
sexual activity, recent antibiotic use, and use of spermicides.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically made through a
urine culture, which can identify the presence of the bacterium. It is important to distinguish S. saprophyticus from other urinary pathogens, such as
Escherichia coli, due to differences in antibiotic susceptibility and treatment approach.
Can it be prevented?
Preventing infections caused by S. saprophyticus involves general UTI prevention strategies such as staying hydrated, urinating after intercourse, and practicing good personal hygiene. For women using spermicides, considering alternative contraceptive methods may reduce the risk.
What are the complications?
While most S. saprophyticus UTIs are uncomplicated and respond well to treatment, complications can occur if the infection ascends to the kidneys, leading to
pyelonephritis. In rare cases, untreated infections can lead to
sepsis, a serious systemic infection.
How does it compare to other staphylococcal infections?
Unlike S. aureus, which is a leading cause of skin infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia, S. saprophyticus primarily causes
urinary tract infections. It is less virulent and not typically associated with severe invasive diseases. However, its role in UTIs makes it a significant concern in the context of
community-acquired infections.
In conclusion, while Staphylococcus saprophyticus may not be as well-known as other staphylococci, its role in UTIs, particularly in young women, makes it an important topic in infectious diseases. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures are crucial in managing infections caused by this bacterium.
