Diphtheria is a serious
infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Once a major cause of illness and death among children, the incidence of diphtheria has significantly decreased due to effective
vaccination programs. However, understanding its nature, transmission, and prevention is crucial for managing and controlling potential outbreaks.
What Causes Diphtheria?
Diphtheria is primarily caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, although other species like Corynebacterium ulcerans can also be involved. The bacteria release a potent
toxin that damages tissues and organs, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease. This toxin is responsible for most of the complications associated with diphtheria.
How is Diphtheria Transmitted?
The disease spreads through
respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing of an infected person. It can also spread through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. Rarely, it can be transmitted via skin lesions in individuals with cutaneous diphtheria.
What are the Symptoms of Diphtheria?
Diphtheria usually starts with a sore throat, fever, and general malaise. The hallmark of the disease is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane on the throat and tonsils, which can cause difficulty in breathing and swallowing. In severe cases, the toxin can affect the heart, nerves, and kidneys, leading to complications such as
myocarditis and
paralysis.
Who is at Risk of Diphtheria?
Unvaccinated individuals or those who have not received booster shots are at higher risk. Children under 5 and adults over 60 are particularly vulnerable. People living in crowded or unsanitary conditions, or those who travel to areas where diphtheria is endemic, are also at increased risk.How is Diphtheria Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically based on the clinical presentation and is confirmed by laboratory tests. A swab from the throat or skin lesion is cultured to identify Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Additional tests may include a
PCR test to detect the diphtheria toxin gene.
What is the Treatment for Diphtheria?
Immediate treatment is critical to prevent severe complications. It involves administering
diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, although it does not reverse damage already done.
Antibiotics such as erythromycin or penicillin are used to eradicate the bacteria and prevent transmission.
How Can Diphtheria be Prevented?
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. The
DTaP vaccine is part of the routine immunization schedule for children, and booster shots are recommended for adults. During outbreaks, close contacts of infected individuals may receive a booster dose and antibiotics as prophylaxis.
What are the Challenges in Controlling Diphtheria?
Despite the availability of vaccines, challenges persist due to vaccine hesitancy, lack of access to healthcare, and
public health infrastructure issues in certain regions. Maintaining high vaccination coverage and monitoring for outbreaks are essential to prevent resurgence.
What is the Global Impact of Diphtheria?
While diphtheria is now rare in developed countries, it remains a threat in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination rates. Global health organizations continue to strive for increased vaccination coverage and improved surveillance to eliminate the disease.In conclusion, diphtheria is a preventable infectious disease with significant historical importance. Continued efforts in vaccination and public health are crucial to maintaining control over this disease and preventing future outbreaks.
