What is Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus?
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus, a member of the
Bunyavirales order. First identified in China in 2009, SFTS has since been reported in several countries including South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. The virus is primarily transmitted through
tick bites, specifically by the Haemaphysalis longicornis tick, although human-to-human transmission has also been documented.
How is SFTS transmitted?
SFTS is predominantly transmitted to humans through tick bites. The
Haemaphysalis longicornis tick is the primary vector. It is also possible for the virus to spread through contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person, which poses a risk to healthcare workers and close family members. Animal hosts, including domestic animals like
cats and wild animals, can also harbor the virus, serving as potential reservoirs.
What are the symptoms of SFTS?
The symptoms of SFTS can range from mild to severe and often appear within 7 to 14 days after exposure. Initial symptoms are non-specific and can include
fever, fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms may develop such as
thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), leukopenia (low white blood cell count), elevated liver enzymes, and in some cases, multi-organ failure. The case fatality rate can be as high as 30% in severe cases.
How is SFTS diagnosed?
Diagnosing SFTS can be challenging due to its overlapping clinical features with other infectious diseases. Laboratory tests are crucial for confirmation and typically involve
real-time PCR to detect viral RNA, or serological tests to identify specific antibodies against the SFTS virus. Early diagnosis is critical for managing the disease effectively and preventing transmission.
What is the treatment for SFTS?
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for SFTS. Management primarily involves supportive care, which includes maintaining fluid balance, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and providing blood transfusions if necessary. Intensive care may be required for severe cases. Ongoing research is focused on developing antiviral therapies and vaccines to provide more targeted treatment options. How can SFTS be prevented?
Preventing SFTS largely revolves around minimizing exposure to ticks. This includes using
insect repellent on skin and clothing, wearing long sleeves and pants when in tick-infested areas, and performing thorough tick checks after outdoor activities. Healthcare workers should adhere to strict infection control practices to prevent human-to-human transmission. Public health education is also vital in raising awareness about the risks and preventive measures associated with SFTS.
What is the global impact of SFTS?
While SFTS is currently endemic to East Asia, its potential to spread to other regions remains a concern due to the global distribution of ticks. The disease poses significant public health challenges in affected areas, particularly due to its high mortality rate and the risk of human-to-human transmission. Efforts to monitor and control the spread of SFTS are essential to mitigate its impact on global health. Current Research and Future Directions
Research on SFTS is ongoing, focusing on understanding the
pathogenesis of the virus, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing effective vaccines and antiviral treatments. Studies are also exploring the role of wildlife and domestic animals in the transmission cycle to better inform prevention strategies. Collaboration between countries and international health organizations is critical in addressing the challenges posed by SFTS and enhancing global preparedness for emerging infectious diseases.
