What is European Bat Lyssavirus?
European Bat Lyssavirus (EBLV) is a virus that belongs to the
Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. It is closely related to the rabies virus and causes similar symptoms. EBLV is primarily transmitted by bats, particularly in European regions. Two main types have been identified: EBLV-1 and EBLV-2, each associated with different species of bats.
How is it Transmitted?
The primary mode of transmission for EBLV is through the
bite of an infected bat. However, it can also be transmitted through scratches or when saliva from an infected bat comes into contact with mucous membranes or open wounds. While human cases are rare, there have been isolated incidents linked to bat exposure.
What are the Symptoms in Humans?
In humans, EBLV can cause symptoms similar to those of rabies, such as fever, headache, and general weakness. As the disease progresses, neurological symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, insomnia, hallucinations, and paralysis may occur. Once clinical symptoms appear, the disease is almost invariably fatal.
How is it Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of EBLV in humans can be challenging due to its rarity and similarity to rabies. Diagnostic methods include the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect viral RNA,
viral culture, and antibody detection in cerebrospinal fluid or serum. Postmortem diagnosis is often confirmed by
direct fluorescent antibody testing of brain tissue.
What is the Treatment?
There is currently no specific treatment for EBLV once symptoms have appeared. However, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes wound cleaning and administration of rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin, is highly effective in preventing the onset of disease if administered promptly following exposure.
Prevention Strategies
Prevention of EBLV primarily involves avoiding contact with bats. This includes educating the public and professionals who work with bats about the risks and
safety protocols. Vaccination of individuals at high risk, such as bat handlers, is also recommended. Additionally, surveillance and monitoring of bat populations can help in early detection and management of outbreaks.
Is There a Risk to the General Public?
While EBLV poses a risk to individuals who come into contact with bats, the risk to the general public is considered to be low. Human cases are very rare, and effective measures such as PEP significantly reduce the risk of developing the disease after exposure.
What is the Impact on Bat Populations?
EBLV primarily affects bats, and while it can cause mortality in bat populations, its impact is generally limited to specific species. Understanding the ecology of EBLV and its relationship with bat hosts is crucial for implementing conservation efforts and reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
Conclusion
European Bat Lyssavirus is a rare but serious infectious disease transmitted by bats. Awareness, proper handling practices, and timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis are key to preventing human cases. Ongoing research and monitoring are essential to understand the dynamics of EBLV and its potential impact on public health and wildlife conservation.
