What is Eosinophilic Meningitis?
Eosinophilic meningitis is a form of meningitis characterized by an increased number of eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is an
infectious disease often associated with specific parasitic infections. The most common
parasitic organism responsible for this condition is Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm.
What Causes Eosinophilic Meningitis?
The primary cause of eosinophilic meningitis is infection by
Angiostrongylus cantonensis. This parasite is typically found in rodents, and humans can become infected through the consumption of raw or undercooked snails, slugs, freshwater shrimp, or other hosts that carry the larvae. Other causes include infections by Gnathostoma spinigerum and certain fungi and bacteria.
Symptoms of eosinophilic meningitis can vary but often include severe headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, and neurological disturbances. Some patients may experience nausea, vomiting, and paresthesia. The symptoms arise as the immune system responds to the presence of the parasite in the nervous system.
How is Eosinophilic Meningitis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis primarily involves a lumbar puncture to analyze the
cerebrospinal fluid for elevated eosinophil counts. Additional tests may include serological tests to detect antibodies against Angiostrongylus cantonensis or imaging studies like CT or MRI scans to observe potential complications.
There is no specific treatment for eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Management is primarily supportive, focusing on alleviating symptoms. Pain relief, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and
anti-parasitic medications like albendazole may be used in some cases. However, the use of anti-parasitic drugs is controversial due to potential worsening of symptoms.
While many patients recover fully, eosinophilic meningitis can lead to severe complications if untreated. These may include neurological damage, paralysis, or even death. Prompt diagnosis and supportive care are crucial in minimizing long-term effects.
How Can Eosinophilic Meningitis be Prevented?
Prevention involves avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked snails, slugs, and other intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Public health education on safe food handling and cooking practices is essential, especially in endemic areas.
What is the Global Impact?
Eosinophilic meningitis is most prevalent in Asia and the Pacific Islands, regions where
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is endemic. However, cases have been reported globally, signifying the importance of awareness and preventive measures worldwide.
Conclusion
Eosinophilic meningitis is a significant concern in infectious diseases due to its association with parasitic infections and potential for severe outcomes. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is vital for reducing its impact. Ongoing research and public health initiatives are crucial in managing and preventing this condition.
