What is Acute Flaccid Myelitis?
Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is a rare but serious condition that affects the
spinal cord and leads to sudden weakness in the arms or legs. It is considered a neurological illness and shares similarities with
poliomyelitis, hence often referred to as a polio-like illness.
What Causes Acute Flaccid Myelitis?
The exact cause of AFM is not fully understood, but it has been associated with viral infections.
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) and other enteroviruses are frequently implicated. In some cases, other viruses such as
adenovirus or
West Nile virus have also been linked to AFM.
How is AFM Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of AFM involves clinical evaluation and imaging studies. Physicians rely on
MRI of the spinal cord to identify characteristic changes. Additionally,
cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be performed to detect inflammation or infection. Laboratory tests may also be conducted to identify potential viral causes.
What are the Symptoms of AFM?
The hallmark symptom of AFM is sudden onset of
muscle weakness in the arms or legs. Other symptoms can include facial droop, difficulty moving the eyes, drooping eyelids, difficulty with swallowing or slurred speech. Some individuals may also experience pain in their limbs.
How is AFM Treated?
Currently, there is no specific treatment for AFM. Management focuses on supportive care to alleviate symptoms. This may include physical therapy to improve muscle strength and motor function. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for respiratory support or other interventions.
Is Acute Flaccid Myelitis Contagious?
AFM itself is not contagious, but the viruses that may lead to AFM can be spread from person to person. Therefore, practicing good hygiene, such as regular hand washing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals, can help reduce the risk of viral infections that might trigger AFM.
How Common is AFM?
AFM is rare, with fewer than one in a million children in the United States affected annually. However, there have been seasonal spikes, particularly in late summer and early fall, which have led to increased surveillance and reporting.
Who is at Risk for AFM?
Most cases of AFM occur in children, although adults can also be affected. The reasons for this age distribution are not completely understood. Individuals with weakened immune systems or those who have had a recent viral infection may be at higher risk.
What is the Prognosis for Patients with AFM?
The prognosis for individuals with AFM varies. Some patients recover fully, while others may experience long-term weakness or paralysis. Early intervention and rehabilitation are crucial for improving outcomes. What Research is Being Conducted?
Ongoing research aims to better understand the causes, risk factors, and optimal treatment strategies for AFM. Scientists are exploring potential
vaccines and antiviral therapies to prevent or treat the condition. Public health agencies continue to monitor cases to identify patterns and inform public health responses.
How Can the Spread of AFM Be Prevented?
Preventive measures focus on reducing exposure to the viruses associated with AFM. These include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, covering coughs and sneezes, and keeping children home when they are ill. Ensuring vaccinations for preventable diseases like polio can also help mitigate similar conditions.
